Yeh calculator AC circuit mein total “opposition” (yaani current ko rokne ki poori taqat) nikalne ke kaam aata hai. Practical field mein jab hum motor, transformer, ya transmission lines check karte hain, toh sirf Resistance (R) kaam nahi aata; wahan Inductor aur Capacitor ka effect (Reactance) bhi judta hai. Isliye, total load ya fault current nikalne ke liye humein Impedance (Z) calculate karna hi padta hai.

2. Input & Result Fields Explanation
3. Standard Selection: Yahan se IS (Indian Standard – 50Hz), NEC (US Standard – 60Hz), ya IEC select karein. Isse frequency automatically set ho jayegi.
4. Resistance (R): Circuit ka pure resistance Ohms ($\Omega$) mein. Yeh multi-meter se measure kiya jaa sakta hai (jaise wire ya heater ka resistance).
5. Inductance (L): Coil ya winding ka effect. Isko Henry (H) ya milliHenry (mH) mein enter karein. Motors aur transformers mein yeh bahut high hota hai.

6. Capacitance (C): Capacitor ka effect. Isko microFarad (uF) mein enter karein. Power factor correction panels mein iska use hota hai.

Frequency (f): AC supply ki frequency (India mein 50 Hz, USA mein 60 Hz). DC circuit ke liye isko 0 rakhein.

Results Kaise Samjhein:

Total Impedance (Z): Yeh aapka final result hai. Circuit AC current ko kitna rokega, yeh Ohms mein batayega.

Inductive Reactance (Xl): Coil frequency ke hisaab se kitna resistance de rahi hai.

Capacitive Reactance (Xc): Capacitor frequency ke hisaab se kitna resistance de raha hai.

Phase Angle ($\theta$): Voltage aur current ke beech ka angle. Agar angle positive hai toh lag (inductive), negative hai toh lead (capacitive). Isse Power Factor ka idea milta hai.

formula

Inductive Reactance: Xl = 2 * pi * f * L

f = Frequency in Hz, L = Inductance in Henry. Yeh batata hai coil AC current ko kitna rokegi.

Capacitive Reactance: Xc = 1 / (2 * pi * f * C)

C = Capacitance in Farad. Yeh batata hai capacitor AC current ko kitna rokega.

Net Reactance: X = Xl – Xc

Kyunki Inductor aur Capacitor ek doosre ke opposite kaam karte hain, isliye inko subtract karte hain.

Total Impedance: Z = sqrt( R^2 + X^2 )

Resistance aur Net Reactance ka vector sum. Yahi circuit ka total AC resistance hai.

Phase Angle: Angle = arctan( X / R )

Isko rad se degree mein badalne ke liye (180 / pi) se multiply karte hain.

Example

Maano aap ek industrial motor ki winding check kar rahe ho. Uska:

Resistance (R) = 10 Ohms

Inductance (L) = 50 mH (0.05 Henry)

Capacitance (C) = 0 (Kyunki series mein koi capacitor nahi hai)

Frequency (f) = 50 Hz (India IS standard)

Step-by-Step Calculation:

Xl nikalein: Xl = 2 * 3.1415 * 50 * 0.05 = 15.7 Ohms

Xc nikalein: Capacitor nahi hai toh Xc = 0

Net X: 15.7 – 0 = 15.7 Ohms

Total Impedance Z: Z = sqrt(10^2 + 15.7^2)
Z = sqrt(100 + 246.49) = sqrt(346.49) = 18.61 Ohms

Natija: Agar aap is motor par 230V AC doge, toh current V/R (230/10 = 23A) nahi aayega. Current V/Z (230/18.61 = 12.35A) aayega. Yahi impedance calculate karne ka practical faida hai!

Q1. Impedance (Z) aur Resistance (R) mein kya farq hai?
Ans: Resistance DC aur AC dono mein current ko rokta hai, aur yeh frequency par depend nahi karta. Lekin Impedance sirf AC circuits mein hota hai, jisme Resistance ke sath-sath Coil (Inductor) aur Capacitor ka frequency-based opposition (Reactance) bhi juda hota hai.

Q2. Kya kisi circuit mein Z ki value R se kam ho sakti hai?
Ans: Nahi. Formula Z = sqrt(R^2 + X^2) hota hai. Agar Reactance (X) zero bhi ho jaaye (jaise resonance mein), toh Z = R hoga. Z kabhi bhi pure Resistance R se kam nahi ho sakta.

Q3. Agar hum standard IEC (50Hz) se NEC (60Hz) pe jayenge toh Z par kya asar padega?
Ans: 60Hz frequency hone par Inductive Reactance (Xl) badh jayega, kyunki Xl frequency ke directly proportional hai. Iska matlab America (60Hz) mein same motor zyada Impedance (Z) degi aur thoda kam current draw karegi as compared to India (50Hz), voltage same rehne par.

Q4. DC circuit mein Inductance ka kya effect hota hai?
Ans: DC circuit mein frequency 0 Hz hoti hai. Isliye steady-state mein Xl = 0 hota hai. Yaani DC mein inductor ek simple wire ki tarah behave karta hai aur current ko nahi rokta (sirf shuru mein transient state ko chhod kar).