Jab electricity ek lambi cable se travel karti hai, toh cable ke internal resistance aur reactance ki wajah se thoda voltage raste mein hi loss ho jata hai. Is loss ko “Voltage Drop” kehte hain. Yeh calculator aapko field mein batayega ki aapki cable mein kitna voltage drop hoga, taaki aap sahi thickness (sq mm) ki cable select kar sakein. Agar voltage drop IS/IEC standards (usually 3% to 5%) se zyada hai, toh aapke motors aur appliances heat hokar jal sakte hain, isliye yeh calculation industrial aur domestic wiring dono ke liye bahot zaroori hai.

2. Input & Result Fields Explanation
   Inputs:

Select Standard: Aap kaunsa rule follow kar rahe hain (IS/IEC India ke liye, NEC USA ke liye). Isse calculation ke validation limits change hote hain.

System Type: Aapka system 1-Phase AC hai, 3-Phase AC hai, ya DC hai. (3-Phase mein root 3 ka factor lagta hai).

Cable Material: Copper (Cu) ya Aluminum (Al). Copper current ko easily flow hone deta hai (kam voltage drop), jabki Aluminum ka resistance zyada hota hai.

Supply Voltage (V): Source ka voltage kya hai (jaise 230V, 415V).

Load Input Type: Aapke paas load ka data kis unit mein hai (Amperes – A, Kilowatts – kW, ya Horsepower – HP).

Load Value: Motor ya appliance ka actual load (e.g., 50 dalen agar 50A current hai).

Power Factor (pf): AC circuits mein power ka loss kitna ho raha hai. Industry mein usually yeh 0.8 se 0.95 ke beech hota hai. (DC mein yeh apply nahi hota).

Cable Length (m): Source/Panelboard se leke load/motor tak cable ki lambaai kitni hai.

Cable Size (Sq. mm): Cable ki motaai kitni hai. Jitni moti cable, utna kam voltage drop!

Results:

Total Voltage Drop (V): Kitne Volts raste mein loss ho gaye.

Voltage Drop Percentage (%): Total supply ka kitna percent hissa loss hua (koshish karein ki yeh 5% ke andar ho).

Voltage at Load End (V): Actual mein motor/machine ko kitna voltage milega. Agar result unsafe hai, toh screen par Laal (Red) rang ka warning aayega.

Formulas Used (Text Format)
Background code mein yeh standard engineering formulas use kiye gaye hain. Aap inhe apne exam ya field manual mein copy-paste kar sakte hain:

Current (I) Calculation:

3-Phase AC (kW to Amps): I = (kW * 1000) / (1.732 * V * pf)

1-Phase AC (kW to Amps): I = (kW * 1000) / (V * pf)

DC (kW to Amps): I = (kW * 1000) / V

(Agar load HP mein hai, toh pehle kW = HP * 0.746 se convert kiya jata hai).

2. Voltage Drop (Vd) Calculation:
   Pehle Resistance nikalein: R = (rho * L) / Area (Jahan rho Copper ke liye 0.021 aur Aluminum ke liye 0.035 hai at 75 deg C).

3-Phase AC: Vd = 1.732 * I * L * (R * pf + X * sin(phi)) / 1000

1-Phase AC: Vd = 2 * I * L * (R * pf + X * sin(phi)) / 1000

DC System: Vd = 2 * I * R_total

(Yahan: I = Current, L = Length in meters, R = Resistance, X = Reactance, pf = Power Factor, sin(phi) = Reactive factor).

3. Percentage Drop:

% Vd = (Vd / Supply Voltage) * 100

5. Real-World Example
   Maan lijiye aap ek factory mein 50 Amps ka 3-Phase load install kar rahe hain.

Voltage: 415V

Cable: Copper (10 Sq mm)

Length: 100 meters

Power Factor (pf): 0.8

Step 1: Calculate Cable Resistance for 100m.
R = (0.021 * 100) / 10 = 0.21 Ohms.
(Ignore X for small cables for simple manual math)

Step 2: Apply 3-Phase Formula.
Vd = 1.732 * 50A * 0.21 Ohms * 0.8 (pf)
Vd = 14.54 Volts (Drop)

Step 3: Calculate Percentage.
% Drop = (14.54 / 415) * 100 = 3.5%

Conclusion: 3.5% drop safe limit (5%) ke andar hai, isliye 10 sq mm cable chal jayegi! (Lekin future expansion ke liye 16 sq mm aur bhi better rahegi).

Cable Size (Sq mm)	Copper Resistance (Ohm/km	Aluminum Resistance (Ohm/km)
1.5	14.00	23.33
2.5	8.40	14.00
4.0	5.25	8.75
6.0	3.50	5.83
10.0	2.10	3.50
16.0	1.31	2.18
25.0	0.84	1.40
35.0	0.60	1.00
50.0	0.42	0.70

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